Reading Development Essay

As literate persons, we all know something about reading, writing, and literacy. In fact, our understanding of what literacy is varies widely. Jeanne Chall concluded in Learning to Read: the Great Debate (1983), that children get a better start in reading if they are taught phonics because they break the code that links what they hear with what they see in print. Harvard Professor Jeanne Chall has outlined the stages of reading development that begin at preschool age and continue until university age. The stages of reading development explains how students’ progress as readers. Chall’s proposed scheme for reading stages includes six stages with the purpose of understanding the path of reading development from pretend reading to advance reading. The basic philosophy is that children learn to read as a developmental process; also advocating for the use of both phonics and exposure to challenging literature as the best method of teaching young children to read. Her approach encompasses the development of decoding, comprehension, and critical evaluation. Chall considers that her proposed stages of reading development resemble Piaget’s stages of cognitive and language development (Chall 1996). Accordingly, the methodology used to implement the theory entails the following. Each reading stage has a definite structure and varies from the other stages in characteristic qualitative ways. Each stage follows a hierarchical progression. Chall believes that individuals progress through the reading stages by interacting with their environments and that this interaction affects the individual’s reading development as much as the progression of the distinct stages (Chall, 1996, p. 11). Chall’s six reading developmental stages that describe how children typically learn to read. According to Chall (1996), students proceed through predictable stages of learning to read to becoming a proficient reader. During the pre-reading stage up until about six years old, learners begin to control language. By the time the learner reach kindergarten, he should have some print knowledge and vocabularies of about 6, 000 words. Many children at this stage know how to write their names. In stage 1, the learners develop a sense of alphabetic principle and utilize new sound-spelling relationships. The learner at this stage is more likely to be given reading materials easy to understand texts and that contains simple reading texts. Through Grades 2 and 3, the learner is at the second stage where he develops decoding skills, fluency and additional strategies in reading texts. At stage 3, the learner encounter wide varieties of texts and context, and all the reading demands that accompany these experiences. They extend on background experiences and strategic habits in reading. At stage 4 to 5, though high school and college, the language and intellectual demands of reader increase. They can analyze texts critically and they construct their own individual uses of reading based on analysis and synthesis. The age and grade conditions for the different stage may vary as the child’s culture and environment plays a part in how fast they progress. Therefore, individuals progress through the reading stages at different rates. How fast they advance depends upon the interaction between individual (biological, motivational, cognitive) and environmental (home, school, community) factors. The characteristics and descriptions given for the different stages serve primarily as models, presented to covey how reading develops, and changes. There are many ways to bring about the same results in reading. For instance, there are many procedures in teaching beginning reading from letters and sound to words to stories. Yet designed to accomplish the major beginning reading task of decoding. A person’s progress through the stages is not a straight upward path. At any reading stage, the individual’s performance also depends on the difficulty of the task. If the task is new and no additional instruction is received, the reader may temporarily drop to a lower level. For example, a child who has learned to decode familiar text (Stage 2) will start â€Å"guessing† when material is too difficult. The text may contain many words that needed to be decoded, too many that are not recognized immediately, and too many unknown meanings. According to the proposed reading stages, the table below shows each stage of reading development, what the child is learning, types of activities and the materials a child will be using.

Trace Elements In Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Aim: The aim was to look into urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn and their relation with serum insulin in diabetes worlds. Materials and Methods: 40 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, 30 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and 20 normal healthy topics were investigated for their serum degrees of glucose and insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. There was important addition in the urinary elimination of all the three hint elements in diabetic patient. No important correlativity could be found between serum insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. Consequences: The consequences indicate that there is increased elimination of hint elements in diabetes mellitus but it has no relation with serum insulin. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Serum insulin, Trace elements ( Fe, Cu and Zn ) . Introduction: Trace elements are inorganic elements, which are required in the diet in really little sums, less than 100 mg/day1 and are present in our tissues in merely highly little measures, with the concentration of mcgs to pictograms per gm of moisture organ.2For this ground, they are referred to as hint elements. Trace elements have indispensable function in normal growing, development and wellness of worlds. They have their function in diverse activities such as haem synthesis, connective tissue metamorphosis, bone development and as indispensable constituent of many enzymes.3In add-on hint elements have besides been shown to act upon the hormone system. They influence the hormone system in different ways depending upon whether the metal is present in surplus or in low province. Therefore, increasing or diminishing the concentration of several hint metals has been shown to act upon the hormonal synthesis, secernment, hormonal precursor consumption into mark secretory organs, endocrine binding to aim tissues and its utilization.4 Diabetess mellitus is most common endocrine disease of worlds and is due to absolute or comparative lack of endocrine, insuline5.Diabetes mellitus is said to be of multifactorial etiology and three meshing mechanisms are thought to be responsible: familial exposure, autoimmunity and environmental factors. Although no definite environmental agent has been identified, the environmental factors implicated include viruses, fleshiness, gestation and vague environmental agents6. Research findings have emphasized that lack of certain hint elements consequences in diabetes like conditions in experimental animate beings. The hint elements, the lack of which has been shown to ensue in diabetes like symptoms are chromium7,8, zinc9, manganes10,11 and copper12. As the lack of these hint minerals resulted in diabetes like symptoms and the supplementation of the peculiar hint component readily reversed the ascertained symptoms, it can be concluded, from such surveies, that lack of these hint elements adversely influences the synthesis, secernment or action of insulin. Merely as the hint elements have been shown to act upon the insulin, alterations in the concentration of insulin have besides been shown to act upon or to be associated with alterations in the concentrations of several hint metals in the blood, urine and other tissues. Changing degrees of go arounding endocrine may either change the distribution of hint elements in assorted cellular compartments, or may bring forth a displacement of the metals to the tissues which are non usually associated with these concentration of these elements or they may alter renal or hepatic handling of hint elements ensuing in increased urinary or faecal loss of the hint minerals, thereby bring forthing entire organic structure loss4. Surveies on â€Å" the consequence of diabetes mellitus on hint component metamorphosis † have largely been carried out in animate beings, experimental theoretical account for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Such surveies have revealed that experimental diabetes produces alternations in the absorption13, tissue distribution14, metabolism15 and excretion16 of hint elements. Metamorphosis of Zn, Cu and Fe is greatly influenced and the hormonal instability nowadays in insulin-dependent diabetes is said to be involved in altered hint metabolism14,15. Surveies on human existences are really limited and even the survey which have been carried out, has failed to see any relationship between urinary elimination of hint elements and serum insulin. If it is true that the hormonal instability nowadays in insulin-dependent diabetes is involved in changing hint component excretion16, so there may be a relationship between urinary elimination of hint elements and serum insulin. The present survey was hence, aimed to look into the serum insulin and urinary elimination of hint elements ( Fe, Cu and Zn ) in normal, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in an effort to happen any correlativity between serum insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. Study besides included the comparing of all these parametric quantities among diabetic and normal topics.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients:70 human diabetics, including both males and females, on out-of-door intervention at assorted outpatient sections and at diabetic clinic, DHQ, Mirpur, AJ & A ; K, Peshawar were studied. Diabetic patients had fasting plasma glucose degree of more than 140 mg/dl or random blood glucose degree of more than 200 mg/dl on more than one juncture. Patients were divided into two groups depending on manner of intervention: Insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. 20 normal healthy topics with no household history of diabetes were taken as controls. Both control and diabetic topics fulfilled the undermentioned standards: Their ages ranged from 25-60 old ages. They were normotensives, with normal nephritic maps and no albuminuria. None of these had open grounds of liver, enteric or endocrinal upset. Subjects holding steroids, or taking any vitamin or mineral supplementation were non included in the survey. Patients were asked to stop insulin for 24-48 hours and unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs for 5 yearss before roll uping the urine samples.Collection of blood samples:Blood was drawn from each patient and normal topic after 10-12 hours fast from an antecubital vena between 8.00-10.00 a.m. Serum was separated within one hr. Glucose appraisal was carried out immediately. Serum for insulin appraisal was stored at -20A °C boulder clay analysis.Collection of urine samples:24 hours urine samples were collected in 4-5 litre plastic containers, washed with 15 % HCl and rinsed thrice with deionized H2O. Each patient was provided with a labeled container and a bag in which to transport the container at his or her visit to the infirmary and at the same clip, the patient was asked to stop the intervention, and to get down urine aggregation after 5 yearss in instance of unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs and 24-48 hours, in instance the patient was taking insulin. On the twenty-four hours of blood tryin g container was collected and the patient was asked about figure of times he or she had missed invalidating into the aggregation container. Merely the urine aggregations reported as complete were used in the analysis. Immediately after aggregation, the volume of each specimen was recorded. 20 milliliter of each urine specimen was centrifuged for 10 proceedingss to take bacteriums, cells, dramatis personaes and other particulate stuffs. 15 milliliter of the supernatant was decanted in plastic bottles and stored at -20A °C boulder clay analysis. It was used for appraisal of Fe, Cu and Zn. 1ml of piss was used for sensing of proteins by chemical method utilizing sulfosalicylic acid. All the glass and plastic ware used were soaked in 15 % HCl overnight and so rinsed thrice with deionized H2O. Serum glucose was measured by glucose oxidase/peroxidase colorimetric method utilizing analytical kit ( Boehringer Manheim GmbH Diagnostica ) . Serum insulin was measured by RIA utilizing analytical kit provided by Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angles, USA. Urinary Fe was measured by method of Olson and Hamlim17, likewise as for serum. Urinary Cu and Zn were measured by method of Dawson et Al. ( Cited by Varley ) 18. Atomic soaking up spectrophotometer model3030-B Perkin Elmer Company, Norwalk was used for the three hint elements. Students paired't ‘ trial was used for statistical analysis.TABLE-1AGE, SEX AND WEIGHT OF NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS: The tabular array shows the age, sex and organic structure weight of normal and diabetic patients. The values are average A ± s. e. m. The entire figure of topics is given in parametric quantities. DIABETIC PATIENTS The patients enduring from diabetes were grouped harmonizing to the manner of intervention. The average serum values A ± s. e. m for glucose and insulin in different groups are given. Number of topics is given in parentheses.TABLE-3Fast SERUM IRON, COPPER AND ZINC IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS Serum Fe, Cu and Zn were measured by atomic soaking up spectrophotometery. Concentrations are expressed as mean values A ±s. e. m. Number of topics is given in parentheses. P & lt ; 0.001 = The Valuess are extremely important as compared to normal control topics.TABLE-4COMPARISON OF 24-HOUR URINE VOLUME, URINARY IRON, COPPER AND ZINC IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS The values are expressed as average A ± s. e. m. Number of topics is parentheses. P & lt ; 0.001 = Valuess are extremely important as compared to command topics.Consequence:Table 1 describes the ages, sex and weight of normal topics and diabetic patients. Age and organic structure weight of insulin-dependent diabetics showed no important difference. While in non-insulin-dependent diabetics it was higher ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) as compared to controls. Fasting serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin in normal topics and diabetic patients are shown in table 2. There is significance addition in serum glucose degrees in diabetic patients ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) and this addition is more pronounced in insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Serum insulin is significantly increased in non-insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) , while in insulin-dependent diabetics, the serum insulin is significantly decreased ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) as compared to normal controls. Table 3 describes the 24 hours urinary volume and elimination of Fe, Cu and zinc/24 hours in normal topics every bit good as diabetic patients. The consequences of this tabular array indicate that urine volume is significantly increased in diabetic patients as compared to normal topics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) and this is significantly higher in insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to non-insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) . 24 hours urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn is besides significantly increased in both the classs of diabetes ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) , with significantly more elimination in insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) than non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Table 4 gives the urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn per millilitre, in normal and diabetic topics. The consequences indicate that urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn per millilitre is besides significantly increased in diabetics as compared to controls and once more this addition is significantly more pronounced in insulin-dependent diabetics than in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.Discussion:Marked alterations in hint component metamorphosis have been demonstrated in streptozotocin-diabetic rate14,15. Prolonged streptozotocin induced diabetes besides interferes, with normal form of bone mineralization19. Increased elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn has been reported in experimental diabetes in rates16. Surveies of triumph et al.20 provided direct grounds of influence of hormonal instability on hint metals. Our findings support and widen the old work. Zinc elimination among normal topics is 420.07A ±14.7 A µg/day and is in conformity with the by and large stated average Zn elimination of 300-600 A µg/day18. Similarly urinary elimination of Fe and Cu is besides within the normal international mention scope. Consequences besides demonstrate that diabetic status is associated with increased 24 hours urinary elimination of the three micronutrients zinc, Cu and Fe. Among the diabetics in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetics average elimination was in surplus of 600 A µg/day. Similarly Fe and Cu elimination was besides significantly higher in both the insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to controls. Hyperzincuria has antecedently been reported in diabetic humans21.22.23.24. Although exact mechanism of increased urinary elimination has non been elucidated, assorted possible mechanisms have been proposed. Diabetic status consequences in increased glomerular filtration rate and it is suggested that such an change in nephritic map may lend to the increased urinary losingss of the hint elements16. But, the observation that addition in urine volume brought approximately by imbibing extra H2O did non change the entire urinary Zn elimination in non-diabetics21 would on the other manus indicate that the polyuria of diabetes may non be an of import determiner of Hyperzincuria or increased elimination of other hint elements in diabetes. This is farther supported by fact that when the concentrations were expressed per millilitre of piss, statistically important differences were still observed. Increased urinary loss of Fe Cu and Zn could be explained by increased dietetic consumption but urinary loss of Fe, Cu and Zn varies small with dietetic consumption because the predominant healthy excretory path in healthy adult male is the enteric piece of land. Increased urinary elimination reflects acute alterations in biologic stores25. No addition in urinary Zn has been seen when dietetic consumption is doubled in human topics. The surplus is eliminated via the feces24. The possibility of difference between diabetics and normal in their selective soaking up of hint elements in the intestine can non be ignored but information on this facet is non available. Pidduck et al.24 has proposed three possible mechanisms. It could be that Hyperzincuria or increased elimination of Fe and Cu indicates an abnormalcy of production or dislocation of metalloenzymes or metal-enzymes composites. It is possible that some portion of organic structure is bring forthing its ain metabolites with chelating belongingss, it could be the pancreas of the diabetic which is disorganized in the manner, suggested. Family surveies suggest a important heritability of urinary Zn elimination in 19 households. Some households be givening to be low urinary Zn excreters and others high. It would look possible that urinary elimination of Zn or perchance other hint elements is controlled by allelomorphs at a figure of venue and that diabetics possess a different mixture of allelomorphs to those possessed by non-diabetics. It is besides believed that increased elimination is chiefly of endogenous beginning for illustration, musculus breakdown16 or diabetic bone loss. However, the bone mineral loss in diabetics can merely account for less than 10 % of the diabetic hyperzincuria22. Urinary Zn losingss are specially increased during katabolic states26. Intense exercising may increase urinary losingss and it has been shown that exercising additions skeletal musculus protein dislocation and such phenomena could increase urinary Zn losses27. Zinc elimination is shown to increase under assortment of katabolic conditions and Zn is reported to be derived from skeletal musculus. Although the surveies have been carried out for Zn, the skeletal musculus protein breakdown my lead to increased, urinary elimination of Fe and Cu. Untreated diabetes may stand for a katabolic province and addition in skeletal musculus protein turnover and it is likely that urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn may be derived from skeletal musculus tissue. As none of the patients had albuminurias, the increased urinary losingss of these trace metals may possibly be due to altered hormone position seen in diabetes and non due to diabetic kidney disease. This decision is supported by fact that improved metabolic control in diabetic rats by insulin intervention resulted in significantly reduced elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn in the urine16 in diabetic worlds in the Restoration of normozincuria16. No relation could be found between serum insulin and day-to-day urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn in either normal persons or diabetic patients. This may be due to the ground that endocrine relationships in uncontrolled diabetes become extremely complex because glucagon and glucocorticoids degrees are increased in response to insulin lack. Both of these are shown to act upon the serum or urinary degrees of hint elements. Other ground may be that the go arounding immunoreactive insulin in diabetics may non be active biologically. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes had significantly higher organic structure weight every bit compared to controls. Association between increased organic structure weight and no-insulin-dependent diabetes has antecedently been described26. Obesity is of much greater importance than either race or sex in the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes29. Therefore, a recommendation against going fleshy might be given. A sum of 25 patients ( 35.7 % ) out of 70 had a positive household history of diabetes. High per centum of patients holding positive household history of diabetes suggests a insouciant relationship of this factor with the disease. This survey may hold clinical and pathological deductions. If there is increased elimination of hint elements in diabetes, this may connote that when dietetic degrees are deficient, the patient ‘s tissues are depleted in favour of increased urinary elimination. In this instance, it is speculated that physiological degrees of these foods may be low and some of the pathological events seen in diabetics may be related to or partially explained by lack of these hint elements. For illustration, there is increased incidence of inborn deformities in diabetic pregnancy30 and lack of Cu and Zn has besides been reported to be associated with inborn malformations31. Copper lack is associated with impaired collagen synthesis and increased incidence of breaks. Increased incidence of self-generated breaks has besides been reported in diabetes19. But verification of cause and consequence relationship of these phenomena necessesitates farther surveies.

Boldwoods Christmas party Essay Example for Free

Boldwood’s Christmas party Essay Bathsheba Everdene is the main character in a Thomas Hardy novel called â€Å"Far From the Madding Crowd†. Which is set in Wessex. Bathsheba’s character is along with many other things decisive, brisk, vain, businesslike, and independent. However you see her evolve throughout the book, mainly as a result of her marriage to Frank Troy. At the beginning of the story Hardy seems to focus on her bad qualities, though you still see people wishing to be married to her. Some good qualities are shown as well like her thoughtful response to save Gabriel’s life. This trait is mentioned in chapter one, almost everything else follows on from this. Vanity affects the way she behaves in a powerful way. Her vanity makes her annoyed and angry at not attracting Boldwood’s attention. When she meets Frank Troy he plays up to her vanity by paying her compliments and showing her flirtatious affection. By the end of the story she shows that she has grown out of or overcome her vanity. Instead of wanting to stand out and have everyone looking at her, at Boldwood’s Christmas party, she dresses down and wants to merge into the background. You can also see she is not vain because when Boldwood praises her beauty the comments have no effect. Her life experiences have caused this change in her. The main life experience is her marriage to Frank Troy which affected her the most. She transforms from a confident character to a submissive and introverted figure she becomes less and less like her usual self. The first sign you see of independence is fairly near the beginning in chapter three, when we see her riding the horse. Instead of doing it the conventional ladylike way we see her lie flat on her back on top of the horse’s back. This could be showing her independence and unconventional behaviour, this would tie in with an independent spirit â€Å"too wild†. She likes to have independence so later on in the story when this is taken away from her we see her rely on Gabriel Oak. She always had her own independence, but when she got married she lost that independence and we see her seek advice and help from Gabriel Oak. At one point in the story she rejects Gabriel’s advice, but later on in chapter fifty four she asks for it. This shows a big change in her personality. She once would have done her own thing and maybe even sacked Gabriel for his ‘advice’ whereas she now values both him and his opinion. Her independence continues to be shown throughout the rest if the story, even after her marriage to Frank Troy. Independence along with confidence is showed when she goes to the corn market and is the only woman there. Another characteristic shown is confidence with businesslike skills. An example of this would be when she takes it upon herself to sack her bailiff. â€Å"I have formed a resolution to have no bailiff at all†. Bathsheba’s confidence continues to be shown with her decision to pay the workers herself in chapter ten. Bathsheba has a lot of confidence in herself. â€Å"In short I shall astonish you all†. This is said shortly after her decision to have no bailiff when she is convincing the staff that she can manage. The speech shows her self-confidence shining and her belief in her own ability. Towards the end of the novel we see her find an even balance between the overconfidence which she showed through the beginning of the novel which made her appear full of herself, compared with when she had little or no confidence and relied on Frank Troy, to finally become a person who can cope on her own but realises she cannot do everything to the best of her ability without assistance. Before we see her lose her self confidence she shows she believes in herself by going to the Corn Market, making her the only woman present. One thing bothers Bathsheba; the fact that Boldwood is the only person who does not take notice of her. This lack of attention shows us how she craves to be the centre of attention; you could even go as far as calling her an attention seeker. She will do silly antics in an attempt to attract people’s attention. For example the Valentine’s Day card. Bathsheba tries to make herself popular with everyone especially men; this seems to be her biggest desire. In chapter thirteen she mischievously sends a Valentine card to Boldwood to attract his attention. This starts Bathsheba’s change. She wants people to notice her and does not sit around waiting she takes action for herself. The sending of the Valentines card shows her vain characteristic. A big characteristic she shows throughout is impulsiveness, she does things without thinking. The Valentine’s Day card is an example of this; another example of this earlier in the book is when she chases Gabriel Oak after he had been wrongly informed that many men wanted her hand in marriage; though she did not want to accept his proposal. She did not think that her actions would show this until after the conversation her and Gabriel had. Many of her actions are on impulse she doesn’t think things through first. Later on however she takes time to think about Fanny’s grave and she decides to clean it up and replant the bulbs on it. This also shows she can be selfless. When Gabriel gives her advice early in the novel she decides she doesn’t like what he has to say. She sacks him whilst she was angry and acting highly impulsively. This demonstrates how she doesn’t want to face the truth even though she values his opinion; later in the novel after the â€Å"drowning† of Frank Troy she relents asking him for his thoughts. Boldwood’s Christmas party. (2017, Oct 01). 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Finance and Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Guinness International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Effects of Mass Media - Essay Example Adequate information is important because they prevent people from making errors or poor comparisons when getting information from different sources, and in prevention of poor conclusions. Mass media revolution has swept through the economy and no company that is capable of escaping the effects of information conveyed in new age media. Therefore, mass media can be a tool used by companies to obtain competitive advantage in various forms, which include reduction of time of obtaining, processing and transmitting business information in organizations. During the process of obtaining the information that has been found, there has been a setback, which involves the creation of an environment that allows people who take advantage of unsuspecting victims by giving false information, and if an individual researcher obtains information without careful selection, one may use information that is not relevant. Advantages and disadvantages of social media Social media has facilitated open communication between people of different cultures, creation of new friends, and communication with loved ones in different parts of the world. In promotional campaigns, people from different geographical locations are able to express, share and promote various global products (Sznitman et al, 2011). Social media has enabled people to get connected at a broad level making it easy to know and find information about almost anything from different parts of the world through the use of the media.... Social media has enabled people to get connected at a broad level making it easy to know and find information about almost anything from different parts of the world through the use of the media. Students have had the opportunity of getting technological exposure, which has enabled them to become connected to interaction options from a broad base; besides this, the media has helped students in working together and creating their own meaning on social contexts and academic environment. The use of social media helps in the development of simple skills since social media relies on advanced forms of information and communication systems that require technological literacy. Technological literacy helps in connecting people to the economy as well as making people make vulnerable contributions to the economy. The use of social media is a fun and creative way of doing business because it provides an opportunity for employees to share ideas, share links, ask questions, minimize advertising co sts of the business and improve the reputation of the business. However, there is a high probability for social media to open opportunities for hackers to commit crimes such as virus attacks and fraud making people fall prey to online frauds that eventually end in data theft. The third disadvantage of social media is the damage it can to on one’s reputation especially when using the wrong online branding strategy. Worker productivity is affected using social media at the work place; lost productivity may result using social media in ruining the reputation of a company. Instead of workers concentrating on their duties during the time of work, they may spend a lot of time on

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business law - Assignment Example In the instance where the hotel may try to disclaim liability through posters that deny responsibility for loss of belongings by guests, they are simply trying to gain extra protection than that allowed under the law. In this case, hotels may lose protection against liability under state law while being held liable for loss by the guest (Sherry & Sherry, 2011: p105). In this case, Gullies Hotel provided a notice that limited its liability for items left in the rooms. However, the liability limit must be posted in a conspicuous place for the guest to read (Sherry & Sherry, 2011: p107). Gullies Hotel posted their liability limitation behind Freda’s door, and it is not clear if this is conspicuous place. UK statutes state that where a hotel provides for safe deposit boxes and notifies guests of the box by posting conspicuous notices notifying the guests of their presence. If the guests do not deposit their cash, jewelry, and other valuables in the boxes, the hotel cannot be held liable for the loss. ... Therefore, Freda cannot claim any liability from the hotel since it was through her negligence that she did not deposit her valuables with their safe deposit box. Q#2 The doctrine of precedent is defined as a policy that the courts that must abide by principles that were established in earlier cases and their decisions (Duxbury, 2008: p76). In The UK and the US, Common Law has adhered, traditionally, to precedents that were set in earlier cases as law sources. The doctrine of precedent distinguishes civil law systems from common law while giving extra weight to scholarly opinions and codes of law to explain them. Under this doctrine, when a court answers a specific question, this question in other cases that are similar must also elicit a similar response. This applies for the same courts or lower courts in the particular jurisdiction (Duxbury, 2008: p76). The doctrine of precedent has not always been applied with similar strictness. In medieval England, courts that dealt with common law looked for guidance from earlier cases, although they could not reject the ones that were considered to be bad law (Duxbury, 2008: p77). The courts also applied incomplete reliance on decisions made earlier since there were no written judgments. Official reports of court hearings started to be made in the United States in the early 1800s while this happened in 1865, in England. Finally, judges and lawyers got direct access to these rulings and were able to interpret their decisions more accurately. In order for the doctrine to be effective, all the jurisdictions need a higher court to declare the precedent-setting case in law. In the US, the Supreme Court acts as a

Advising the client,site and location analysis Assignment

Advising the client,site and location analysis - Assignment Example While the initial construction of factories was solely based on their functionality as a mechanism for the mass production of goods, giving little consideration to the environmental or social ramifications of its existence, the architects of the MAS Intimates facility sought to counteract this trend by creating a structure that would allow every occupant to enjoy the fresh air, natural light, comfortable surroundings, and beautiful outdoor views of intact natural settings within their work environment (Holcim, 2008). Such considerations have allowed MAS Intimates to surpass the traditional model of the factory to create an extraordinary facility that is not a detriment to the environment, but an asset to the ecosystem in which it occupies (Holcim, 2008). From the humble beginnings of a small factory sweatshop in Ratmalana with 26 sewing machines and 60 employees purchased by three brothers in 1986 (Business Superbrands) and revitalized by MAS Holdings in 2006, MAS has grown into a wo rkplace in unison with nature that has significantly diminished its carbon footprint through carbon-neutral power sources and uses 25-40% less energy than companies of the same magnitude (Holcim, 2008; MAS Intimates Thurulie, 2009). ... This plan was initiated as a 340 million (USD), five-year, company-wide environmental and social sustainability program consisting of a hundred points to be achieved by 2012, including establishing green factories that supply goods to Marks & Spencer (MAS Intimates Thurulie, 2009). MAS Intimates Thurulie was the first purpose-built green clothing factory in the world to be designed in compliance with USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council) standards for green buildings and to attempt to qualify for LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification (Holcim, 2008). MAS Fabric Park cost 2.66 million (USD), which Marks & Spencer partially financed in the amount of 400,000 (USD), paying for the majority of the green design and the largest photovoltaic system in Sri Lanka (MAS Intimates Thurulie, 2009). The concept of sustainable construction seeks to incorporate the concepts of fairness and respectful treatment to everyone throughout the design, construction, use, and recycli ng of buildings and cities (Holcim, 2008) and the ecological design of the factory was conceived as an ethical response to consumers demanding stronger environmental stewardship from the businesses they patronized (MAS Intimates Thurulie, 2009). The new MAS Fabric Park factory has renewed a historic industrial center and reestablished a local economic base while providing sustainable long-term employment for 1,300 neighborhood inhabitants (Holcim, 2008). In the renewal of the Thulhiriya Textile Mills, 75% of the MAS Intimates Thurulie spatial area has been left in its natural state left to nature and managed as a habitat for the native flora and fauna (see Appendices 1-5) (Holcim, 2008). In the landscaping of the new site, approximately 400 trees

The Argument of Plato's Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Argument of Plato's Republic - Essay Example Would he still choose to tell only the truth to a person in such a state? According to Socrates, therefore, saying the truth and retuning what one has received do not qualify to be justice. In that case, truth telling and giving back is not justice. Polemarchus, inheriting the argument from Cephalous went ahead to give his understanding of justice. According to Polemarchus, justice means giving favor to friends and mistreating enemies. That is, it is what renders good to friends when he is good and harms to enemies when he is bad. Socrates contradicts his description on the basis of what circumstances should the just man can benefit from friends and receive evil from enemies. According to him, Polemarchus refers to justice as a kind of stealing to benefit friends and harm enemies. It is just to wrong the unjust. Differentiating between friends and enemies becomes difficult, therefore. Many people who seem good in many cases are not. Socrates gives an example of one who is skilled to give a blow as the one most cautious to secure a guard from a blow. Polemarchus admits the argument saying he did not know what he meant. He still believes, though, that justice benefits friends and harm enemies. Thrasymachus then came into the conversation. According to him, the just is the advantage of the stronger. He points out various regimes of rule such as tyrants, democracy rules, and aristocracy. According to him, the ruling party sets the goals and laws. Justice, therefore, is the advantage obtained by the ruling party.

Automotive Production Levels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Automotive Production Levels - Essay Example It also ensures that firms do not make profits at the expense of consumers. This essay highlights issues relating to mergers, the role of government in market economy, complexities of self-expansion, and other issues facing companies. Government regulation and importance of government involvement in a market economy Government regulation is of major importance in the creation of mergers, as a certain level of regulation is needed to enhance the functions of contemporary markets. Through regulation, the government ensures that merging industries support policy goals. Government regulates mergers to ensure that the parties to the contract have confidence in it and that the stipulated property rights are defined clearly. According to Gaughan, (2010) regulation comprises of rules, which are administered by the government with the aim of influencing business behavior and economic activities. In the light of this, regulation captures a range of government actions such as setting market fra meworks, primary legislation to detailed regulations that are enforced by specialist sectoral regulators. Government regulation of mergers has beneficial effects to the society as it provides protection. Some government regulations for instance, protect the safety and health of workers. Moreover, regulation plays a huge role in consumer protection as industries are approved and licensed. Government involvement in the market economy aims at attainment of important goals such as equity and social efficiency. In equity, the government aims at achieving fair distribution of resources while social equity is achieved by equating marginal benefits and marginal costs of consumption and production. The government also plays an important role in the market economy by formulating policies with the intent of promoting dissemination of information. To achieve this, government provides education, extension, and supports the media for the delivery of important information regarding the markets. Fu rthermore, through distribution, price assembly and labeling requirements, the government ensures that there is some truth in advertising (Gaughan, 2010). Government involvement in the market may be in order to combat externalities. According to Gaughan ( 2010), externalities arise when the activities assumed by some agents in the market affect the technologies or preferences of other agents. There are positive, negative, consumption, and production externalities. The government is also involved in the market for provision of public goods. These are goods, which are consumed concurrently by many individuals and are free to access. In case the government is not involved in the provision of these goods, the market mechanism cannot provide them, as they are not profitable. These goods include infrastructure, environmental amenities and national security. Government involvement in the market economy curtails non-competitive behavior. Non-competitive behavior arises in case of monopoly w hereby the supply of a good is controlled by a single agent and whereby a single agent controls demand. Moreover, the government checks the activities of middlemen to ensure that consumers do not suffer. In addition, the government is also involved in the market economy to ensure that equal distribution of income is attained. The government achieves this through transfer policies such as inheritance and income taxes and social security

Business cards Essay Example for Free

Business cards Essay With business cards, people could keep them in their wallet or pocket, as they are small and light to carry around. Also, people keep them around their house just in case they need to contact a certain business and people do look at business cards to see what the business is promoting and looking to see if they need it. Posters Posters are a great way to catch someones eye as they are, bold, bright and in your face all the time. You cant ignore posters as they are really big and your eyes just get a hold of the image and stares at it and you are attracted to it because of the vibrant colours. If Errol uses posters than he would get a wide audience, as many people would pass the poster whilst they are driving walking etc. With posters they are also a great way of promoting his business as they are outside with a wide audience. Web Page There is such a wide audience on the Internet, so with a web page on the Yellow Pages or Thomson Local site, there is a guarantee that lots of people would be browsing those sites in search of a service. With the web sites they are much easily organised and categorised so it would be very easy to locate something you may need and very fast. They even do it by area and business names as well so the searching is much faster and easier. I have got evidence of different marketing medias of secondary research in the back of the coursework (appendices); there it will show the different types of ways you can advertise. Here I am going to write why I chose these pictures as evidence. Yellow Pages Pictures 1, 2 and 4 are from the Yellow Pages and in these pictures you can see how the person had laid out to advertise their business. Picture 1 the writing stands out as its blue and the background is white, but with picture 2 these people didnt want to spend as much money on advertising so they kept it plain and simple and unfortunately with this advertising it is not going to catch anyones eye so they wont get as much customers as picture 1 and 4 would get. Pictures 1 and 4 stand out much more, even though they are still small, they are so much bigger than picture 2. Thomson Local Pictures 3 and 5 are from the Thomson Local book. Picture 3 is quite representable as there are a variety of colours, but not so much colours so it keeps it subtle and calm looking and it doesnt look overdone. The writing is also quite clear on it even though the ad seems to look quite small. But, picture 5 is huge; this stands out on its page and catches the readers eye to that ad straight away. The orange background helps it as its so bright, you cant take you eyes off it, as its so attractive. Picture 5 also has a lot of information about the business, they have more information than picture 3 but you wouldnt need that much information so that amount of information for both the pictures is just fine. The Leader Picture 6 is from the local Leader newspaper and this ad is quite good as its quite big and bold. There are only two colours but the readers eye is still wedged into looking at the advert. This ad has all the information you would want to know about the garage and the phone number is very bright so you wouldnt need to squint to read it and all the writing is clear and is understandable and easy to read. Web Page Pictures 7 and 9 are both web pages. Picture 7 is from yell. com and picture 9 is from thomsonlocal. com. By doing web pages the customer can easily find what he/she is looking for as the searching is quick and easy, as everything is organised and categorised. It is very easy to find what you are looking for and its very sufficient, so if you lost the book of each of these sites than all you have to do is go to the web site and find what you are looking for there. These web sites have all the details you need to know about the business and it has ways that you can contact the business to. Business Cards Picture 8 is a business card and these are great to use, as they are small and easy to carry and people can keep it in their wallet and you can have all the information you need on them about your business. I chose this business card as the number is very big and takes up nearly the whole card and the name of the company comes next so people have a rough idea about what the business does. This business card is just right as it has just the right amount of information on it like a web site, phone number, companies name and as its double sided, there is more information on the back about the prices they charge. Posters Picture 10 is a poster about a motor garage. I think that the poster is very simple, its also very eye catching but it doesnt have that much information on it. This poster doesnt have as much information on it than it should have, but thats ok in a way, as you wouldnt want to squash everything up in one tiny poster. The colours are daring as they all just stand out and as the picture is animated it looks quite fun in a way as it looks interesting to look at. But there is no phone number or address to locate the business or get in touch with them. Leaflets Picture 11 is a leaflets front cover. As we can see it doesnt give as much information away but thats probably in the inside of the leaflet. The colours are again bright and a clever use of colours like a dark colour and a bright one so each colour makes each other one stand out. The title could also be quite catchy, as people wouldnt want to get ripped off by a garage so they will look at this leaflet so they get a better deal; this title is a way people could save money. For each of the media stated which is appropriate to Errol, I am going to analyse it and say the advantages and disadvantages of it. Local Newspapers Advertising in local newspapers is great as the newspaper is free and everyone has one. So if Errol were to advertise in a local newspaper like The Leader than, loads of people in that catchment area would know about him and the word can spread around quick as everyone reads the newspapers. It costs about i 200 per week to advertise in the local newspapers, but if it was a regualr advertisement than it would get 20% discount off a week. On the other hand, in newspapers, people mainly look at the articles not the adverts so they tend to ignore them and newspapers get recycled and throw away so they wont get looked at again. Newspaper adverts dont get much attention and businesses dont get helped by these adverts, so if you were to have an ad in the paper then it should stand out a lot and the reader should want to look at the ad. Radio Stations If Errol were to get an advert on the radio than its very likely that loads of people would be listening to the advert and its also very likely that people in the area if his business would be listening too. With the radio, there is a wide audience and adverts on the radio are more effective than adverts on the TV as you can change the channel, but with the radio people arent as bothered with the adverts because if they are driving they cant mess about with the radio. If there is an advert on the radio than people like to paint a picture in their head about the advert, consequently making it more successful. The cost of advertising on the radio can be quite expensive and I have the figures of how much it would cost roughly: A simple advertisement for a small station will usually cost i 200-i 300. London stations and Digital Stations can cost up to ten times that. The price includes: script writing, audio production, actors to voice the ads, music (if used) and special effects (if used). All of this has to be licensed for broadcast for 12 months from the first time its played. Aim to spend at least 10% of your budget on the creative for example A i 2,500 campaign on a small station over four weeks will probably run with one piece of creative which might cost you i250. Â  A i 25,000 campaign over a year will likely need a few different advertisements. At this level of investment, a jingle or audio identifier would be useful so listeners start to recognise your ads as soon as they hear them. A i 250,000 campaign over a year might be worth licensing a famous song for i 25,000 so your company really stands out. But listeners may not pay attention to the adverts and if Errol was to get an advert on radio than it will cost him a lot of money and as hes just started the business it could lead him into bankruptcy. Sometimes motor garage ads on the radio arent as effective as people dont pay attention to what the people are saying and they think that its boring. Directories Yellow Pages The Yellow Pages is a great place to promote your business, as the Yellow Pages is widely known, loads of people trust it more and as it comes free to your doorstep, every household has one. The Yellow Pages is also great as it has target areas so no one will be complaining about going too far to get a service as its all very near to them. Plus, its free to advertise in the Yellow Pages book, which displays your business name, address and telephone number under a single classification heading of your choice. However, the disadvantages of the big yellow book is that its heavy to carry and people wouldnt want to be carrying that book around with them trying to find a suitable service and as there are millions of other ads, you are all competing and if your ad doesnt stand out as much as the others or doesnt sound very appealing than you will be losing customers as they will be going onto another business of the same service. So if Errol was to advertise in the Yellow Pages than he should make sure that his ad stands out the most on the page and that it looks appealing and trustworthy and to have the right information, like the information the customer would want to know not something they wouldnt.

The real message of the survey Essay Example for Free

The real message of the survey Essay And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in  this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.And the real message of the survey results may have as much to do with maintaining the size of janitorial staffs as it does with cleanliness. We all knew that maintaining cleanliness of the school is one of the problem of students because they are depending to school’s janitor. Nowadays, many students don’t know their obligations in school one is that Cleanliness. They throwing their garbage around, they throwing anything around inside campus but why? Because they are being aloof. They don’t know how cleanliness is important in our lives. Why? Of course, you cannot survive in this world without having cleanliness. So as a student avoid being a sluggard.

family therapy

family therapy The concept of family therapy is perceived as a form of psychotherapy involving all the members of the nuclear family. Family therapy should be conducted by a team of therapists or at least a pair. In many situations the team should consist of a man and a woman so as to treat gender related issues used as a role model to the members of the family in question. The family therapy models are based on psychodynamic principles or behaviors while others are based on family systems theories which regard a family as a unit of treatment, as a whole while emphasizing on such values as communication patterns as opposed to traits and relationships (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The history of Murray Bowen interest in psychiatry as a physician dates back to 2nd world War. After the War Bowen became trained and worked at the Menninger Clinic at Kansas: Topeka which is very famous; founded by two brothers who were practitioners of psychoanalytic technique in psychiatry. Bowen had a feeling of confusion as well trapped at the Menninger dynamics. The particular issue that gave him distress was the manner in which the two brothers and the employees were involving patients and other employees in crazy making interactions. He realized that he was in a position to think of the problem in the clinic while traveling but could become dysfunctional immediately he reported back to work. He discovered that the families of schizophrenic patients who were victims of the War communicated in disturbed manner. The patients symptoms were noted to rise or fall dependent on the tension between the parents (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen came to a realization that he could be able to think more clearly of his own family of origin dynamics in those times that he spent away form his family of origin. He discovered that family members had a tendency to complain to him of other familys members without talking directly to the persons about the problem. He came to a realization that he could be in a position to think more clearly of what was happening when not communicating with any of the family members encountering more difficulties when communication with the complainant (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Its based on these observations that he set a course towards deliberately changing his own ways of interacting with his family. In a speech he delivered in a professional meeting he disclosed his endeavor in the family approach breaking therapist tradition of never disclosing own family information and published a paper that became very famous on his family of origin known as Framo in 1972 (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen theorized that people who are mentally ill were caught in the pattern of their families fusion or undifferentiated ego mass to an extent that they are symptoms careers for the illness of the entire family rather than characterologically flawed ill. Bowen would hospitalize the entire family so that he could treat the emotional problem rather than offer treatment to the individual (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The key concepts in the in Bowens family psychodynamics included: Differentiated self; the concept of differentiation of self refers to an individuals ability to maintain strong sense of self while still maintaining strong connectivity with a strong emotional system. A person is able to differentiate what one thinks and feels as separated from system dynamics whereby an individual is able to think and act on his/ her own opinion with no influence from the family members influence; acting on personal judgment. Such a person can have other peoples opinions and advice but make an independent decision. Bowen notes that differentiation of the self in a family dynamic as opposed to an individual characteristic. The process is observable through friendship, family or work. A person should get to a level of differentiating emotions from thoughts (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 140). Fusion; is the opposite of self differentiation where Bowen noted that all people endeavor to balance intimacy from autonomy. Without autonomy one may not be able to think for him/herself. This leads to easily being swayed by other peoples opinions and feelings emanating from the natural tendency to feel connected and have intimacy with others. On the other hand there is a feeling of anxiety when we start losing our autonomy hence an attempt to develop a separate self. Bowen hence argues that most of behaviors are the rational attempts to balance between the separateness and the natural togetherness. The fusion of anxiety leads to emotionality and reactivity under stress (Titelman, 1998, p. 21). Triangulation: Bowen pointed out that emotionally significant relationships are shadowed by third parties who may include; relatives, workmates and the work itself, objects and memories. He noted that relationships are dynamics where there are cycles of closeness of distance whereby triangles may develop during distance times. In a situation where one person undergoes through more distress he/she is likely to identify another person elsewhere so as to have an ally. Sometimes the significant other may offer help when they sense conflict (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137). Counselors role The role of counselor in the process of development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy as presented by Bowen revolves around the goals of therapy. One of the major goals of this therapy is to reduce anxiety as one increases differentiation of self. Its incumbent for the councilor first to note the problem in the patient and help the client first accept that they have a problem. Any healing process will emanate from admitting that indeed the problem exists (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The councilor has a role to use his/her experience in tracing the family pattern. As Bowen argues a client is symptom carrier for the entire nuclear family and hence an attempt to treat the patient without treating the entire family will be just cooling the problem for sometime for the root of the problem is not identified; tracing the family pattern helps the councilor to understand the core of the problem so as to offer cure to the sickness rather than to the symptoms. The counselor will do this through paying attention to patterns of emotional reactivity and paying attention to the structures that includes interlocking triangles (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The counselor should endeavor to create a connection with the family members while working on their levels of anxiety and emotional arousals in the entire system. He/she should also define parameters of central symptomatic triangles. The therapist should remain free of emotional entanglement so that he will not feel stuck. He should coach the client in that the client will cultivate responses. He should be clear to the client of what he feels, not giving confusing sentiments (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The role of a client in the Bowens model to the development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy facilitates the treatment process. The greatest role of a client is to show cooperation in the therapy process, as mach as a counselor may have the relevant experience, the success of this therapy is dependent on the client. Since the councilor takes the role of a couch the client will have to obey the couch to get over the problem. He should answer the questions directed to him/her truthfully. The client should create conducive environment that will enable the counselor to offer the necessary help. For example in the tracing of the family patterns a therapist can not be able to do it without the assistance of the client. This calls for trust and openness on the part of the client towards the counselor (Williamson, 2002, p, 115- 117). The client will have to accept that they have a problem and realize the need for securing solution. The client should be keen to listen to the instructions commit themselves to the healing process by comply with and implement all the instructions to the letter. The client should have readjustment of the mind. If he/she has always believed that he can only make a decision based on what others especially family members say, then such calls for an absolute turn to making decisions based on own personality (Williamson, 2002, p. 115- 117). Advantages and limitations of Bowens family therapy This model on family therapy is one of the most distinctive models for its in-depth approach an evaluation of the family beyond the symptoms in the present. The focus which it takes in the on the emotional process over individuals or generations differentiation in their systematic context does offer a therapist a multi level view which has been reserved for psychodynamic therapies (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). The approach is able to pay attention to the emotional interaction of the therapist as well as that of their client. This process expects that in one way or the other a therapists life applies to the therapy process in one way or the other. In this way the therapist is able to remain Meta to the clients family system (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Research has identified family therapy system as having several advantages. Its principles have been used by many therapists in family settings. The approach has an advantage of broadening the perception of a therapist through incorporation of the family system theory in therapy process. It provides a practitioner with a holistic perception of the problem in question and hence easily come up with treatment measures (SPB, 2007, para. 4). It also has strength in relation to developing a solution to a problem in that it takes into account the congregation as a whole. It considers a family as a living organism which is continually affected by all the elements that comprise the whole (Prest Protinskey, 1993, 352-360). Hence it provides a global view of an individual with a problem and his/her social constructs; it may offer a more exhaustive therapy in light of this (Carr, 2006, p. 56). Some of the limitations that that have been outlined in relation to Bowens model include: therapist have identified that its not always possible to integrate the entire family into the treatment process; even though if a therapist is able to change an individual to fit into the system, he/she will play a key role in bringing the entire family into the healing process. Bowens family therapy model is found to ignore many of the positive roles of familys togetherness and may be malfunctioned to an individual from collective cultures. Critique to Bowens approach Bowens model of family theory has not escaped the eyes of rational criticism on its approach to the concept of family therapy; several of Bowens therapists have acknowledged that wider focus on the approach by Bowen can be a drawback since many clients are focusing only on addressing symptoms relief n nuclear family. They argue that the symptom reduction approach by Bowen is perceived just a groundwork from which families are free to proceed to less anxiously to working on de-triangling and enhanced levels of differentiation. In this lies a clear risk of discrepancies in client and therapist purposes (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). The approach has been criticized as having paid too much attention on mothers contribution in the symptom development in children. Some evidence to the allegation can be found by scanning the index to Kerr and Bowen (1988). In the two theorists publications fathers do not affirm a category yet mothers are referenced in relation to families of schizophrenics, levels of differentiation in the child, and their role in triangles (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). They have been criticized as having failed to contextualize maternal behavior. Patriarchal supposition regarding male / female roles along with family organization are not recognized or critiqued, leaving women susceptible to having their socially approved roles pathologised. Women are readily labeled as over fretful, and their vigorous, relational role in families too effortlessly labeled as undifferentiated. There is no puzzlement of societal norms that can be seen to [school] females into undifferentiating by teaching them always to put others needs first (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Conclusion Bowen has been recorded as being among the first people to pioneer the network of family relationships. His family system therapy has a very comprehensive view of human behavior and relationships (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 317). In his theoretical formulations he talked about differentiation of self, triangulation, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, and Multigenerational Transmission Process. Basically family therapy system represents a hypothesis which perceives a family as an emotional unit which employs system thinking in the description of a complex interaction within that unit. The model has been utilized by many therapists in transforming marriages and familys life. It has clearly showed the connection between an individuals problem to role of the family in extrapolating of the problem. The model attempts to explain the need of individuals in a family setting developing individuality. The model has profoundly showed the effect of each others thought feelings and action to an individual. It uses systematic thinking n describing complex interaction of a family that is considered as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the principle of interconnectivity and reactivity in a familys emotional setting. The model observes a clients problematic behavior as serving a function for the family. The individual problematic behavior may also serve as a familys inability in productivity.teh maladaptive behavior may be a manifestation of dysfunctional patters that have been passed down from one generation to another (Corey, 2001, p. 384-451). References Medical Psychology. (2009). Family Therapy. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://www.answers.com/library/Medical+Encyclopedia-cid-2882124 Nichols, M. Schwartz, R. (2001). Bowen family system therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Williamson, S. (2002). The Intimacy Paradox: Personal Authority in the Family System The Guilford Family Therapy Series, New York, NY: Guilford Press. Titelman, P. (1998). Clinical Applications of Bowen Family Systems Theory: Haworth marriage and the family. New York, NY: Rutledge. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. New Jersey, NJ: Cengage Learning, 2005 Michael, E. (1988). Murray Bowen Family evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. London, UK: Norton. Prest, L. Protinsky, H. (1993). Family systems theory: A unifying framework for the codependence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(4), 352-360. Carr, A. (2006). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process and Practice, 2nd Edition. London, UK: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Social Psychology Blog 2. (2007). A Theoretical Overview of Family Systems Theory within the Discipline of Social Psychology. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://secondattemptatblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/blog-2-theroretical-overview-of-family.html Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6th Edition. Stamford: Brooks/Cole Publishing, 384-451.

Essay --

Heat Transfer Through Extended Surface 1. Objective To determine the temperature distribution and heat flow along the extended surface and comparing the data with theoretical analysis 2. Equipment Required Heat transfer service unit Extended surface heat transfer accessory Data logging accessory 3. Theory The term extended surface is commonly used to depict an important special case involving heat transfer by conduction within a solid and heat transfer by convection (and/or radiation) from the boundaries of the solid. Extended surfaces are used to increase the surface area and to increase the total rate of heat transfer. A temperature gradient exist between two different temperature surfaces for heat transfer. The temperature distribution along the fin or pin must be known to determine the heat transfer from the surface to its surroundings. Plate fins are mostly used in aircrafts, cryogenic and other industries. By considering the insulated tip extended surface the temperature distribution in terms of hyperbolic function expressed as ÃŽ ¸/ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€šâ€™ = Cosh[m(b-x)]/ Cosh(mb) (1) Where, ÃŽ ¸ = T(x) - T∞ (⠁ °C) ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€šâ€™ = To - T∞ (⠁ °C) To = fin base temperature (⠁ ° C) T∞= free stream fluid temperature (⠁ °C) b = fin height (m) x = coordinate (m) m = (4h /k d) ½ (1/m) h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m ² ⠁ °C) k = thermal conductivity of fin (W/m ⠁ °C) d = fin diameter (m) The heat transfer, Q, for a pin fin is found using the relation Q = (h P k A) ½ tanh(m b) (2) Wh... ... 4.5In = 0.1125m Tx = 45.56 ⠁ °C At x = 6In = 0.15m Tx = 44.17 ⠁ °C 5. At 16V, To = 47.2 ⠁ °C , T∞ = 22.78 ⠁ °C Heat Transfer Q = √(hPKA) (To - T∞) tanh(mb) Q = √0.0422 Ã'… (47.2 – 22.78) tanh( 9.01 Ã'… 0.1524) Q = 4.413 W At 25V, To = 67.7 ⠁ °C , T∞ = 22.78 ⠁ °C Heat Transfer Q = √(hPKA) (To - T∞) tanh(mb) Q = √0.0422 Ã'… (67.7 – 22.78) tanh( 9.01 Ã'… 0.1524) Q = 8.1178 W Result 1.The Heat transfer through the fin at supply voltage 25V is approximate double to the heat transfer at supply voltage 16V. 2.As the value of x increases value of Tx decreases continuously. For 16V, For 25V, Conclusion From the experimental result it is shown that as the distance increase from the heat source temperature decreases. Graphs also shows the continuous temperature decrement in the positive x direction.

Alexander Popes An Essay On Man -- Alexander Pope An Essay On Man

Alexander Pope's An Essay On Man Alexander Pope's An Essay On Man is generally accepted as a wonderfully harmonious mass of couplets that gather a variety of philosophical doctrines in an eclectic and (because of its philosophic nature) antithetic muddle. No critic denies that Pope's Essay On Man is among the most beautifully written and best of his works, but few also deny that Pope's Essay On Man is an incoherent conglomeration of "incongruous scraps" ("A Letter..." 88) of philosophical axioms. In forming An Essay On Man into perhaps the greatest philosophical poem ever written, Pope masterfully incorporates allusions and metaphors in which to constrict a world of meaning into the compact work that verse must be, in comparison to prose. Perhaps, then, Pope's greatest flaw is that, because a work of philosophy must be coherent and complete in order to be successful in most cases, An Essay On Man is too difficult to decipher because the structure and sequence of the work, as well as allusions and metaphors, while ad ding to the quality of verse, diminish the quality of the philosophical work. Pope's only mistake in writing An Essay On Man is his attempt to fit too much information into such a compressed work. However, viewed as separate thoughts, the majority of passages in the Essay seem to hold true - not a central and coherent truth, but an "angular and splintered" truth (De Quincey 224). As a philosophical argument represented in verse, the simplification of so many varying theories cannot be avoided. While the Essay lacks central doctrinal coherence, it still succeeds as a poem, even at the expense of its philosophy (Edwards 37). One must also recognize the greatness of the work itself, despite its lack of centra... ...ondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971. 224. Edwards, Thomas. "The Mighty Maze: An Essay on Man." Modern Critical Views: Alexander Pope. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 37-50. Hazlitt, William. From "On Dryden and Pope." Penguin Critical Anthologies: Alexander Pope. Eds. F.W. Bateson and N.A. Joukovsky. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971. 197. Keener, Frederick. Introduction. An Essay on Pope. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. 8. Magill, Frank, ed. Critical Survey of Poetry: Revised Edition. Vol. 6. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1992. 2632-2635. Pope, Alexander. An Essay On Man. Ed. Maynard Mack. Twickenham Edition. London: Methuen, 1950. Warton, Joseph. From "An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope." Penguin Critical Anthologies: Alexander Pope. Eds. F.W. Bateson and N.A. Joukovsky. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971. 111-115.

No Stories to Tell :: Philosophy Experiences Papers

Trapped in a Fortune-Cookie Factory with no Stories to Tell Drawing on a distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' experience derived from J. J. Gibson's ecological psychology, Edward S. Reed argues that our 'psychosocial ills' result from rampant 'degradation of opportunities for primary experience.' That Reed slides easily from 'experience' to 'information' is less due to Gibson's psychology than to the spirit of the time in which he writes: it is a truism that we live in an age of information, where every experience is an act of communication. But, as Reed notes, progress in information technology has been matched by regress in communication. We spend billions on a 'superhighway' that carries every kind of information except the ecological information 'that allows us to experience things for ourselves.' In a pattern familiar from cities shaped by automobiles, the line of this highway traces a virtually impermeable wall. While (sometimes) increasing access to 'processed' information, it (almost always) decreases access to 'ecological' i nformation. This is a 'pedagogical' as well as a 'perceptual' problem; my intent in this paper is to pose the problem clearly as a first step toward addressing it adequately. I have nothing to say, and I am saying it. And that is poetry. —John Cage, Lecture on Nothing (1) Not quite halfway through The Necessity of Experience, Edward S. Reed illustrates the condition of ordinary people in contemporary society by calling to mind an old joke "about a person trapped in a fortune-cookie factory whose only hope for escape is to send out messages inside the cookies." (2)Like most jokes, this one depends on an instantly recognizable account of human experience. Its theme permeates the work of two great twentieth century writers—Samuel Beckett and Franz Kafka—whose names are routinely transformed into adjectives to describe the human condition at the end of the century. Reed finds it disconcerting "that the image conveyed by this joke—stripped of any pretense at humor—is nowadays often used to describe our lives." (3)That neither Beckett nor Kafka abandoned humor—both deepened the humor of this joke until it became inescapably bleak—is a point to which I will return later when I move from Reed's diagnosis to his prescr iption. But first the diagnosis. Reed's argument is laid out with admirable clarity in his prologue, "A Plea for Experience": "the psychosocial ills that beset many of us today—what historian Eric Hobsbawm calls the increasing barbarism of daily life—stem largely from the degradation of opportunities for primary experience that is rampant in all developed and developing societies.

Cool Quest Video and Reflection Essay

Psychology could influence consumer behavior in many ways. Based on the video, I learned that the brain responds accordingly to what one perceives as â€Å"cool†. With that being said, I’m pretty sure that there are studies that gear towards tis feature of the mind. And companies like Apple use these studies when inventing their newest products. For example, technology has evolved immensely in recent years. When Apple began inventing their latest IPhone, I’m pretty sure that they thought about what would appeal to their consumers. And I’m positive that psychology had a huge impact on their decisions. In my opinion, there a lot of other areas of society that could be impacted by psychology. Such areas influenced are career choices, fashion, and social habits like drinking and smoking to name a few. All of these societal aspects described can be influenced by different areas of the mind. And we all know that in general today’s societies seek to be accepted by all. I know for me the nature versus nurture theory is a huge influence on different aspects of my life. I was raised by a single parent in a poverty stricken neighborhood. My mother didn’t graduate high school. So education is big for me, which would lead to a better career choice. What is fashionably acceptable or not can be related to the video because everyone has a different perception of what is cool or not.

Management and Organization

Does a solid organisational neighborlyisation and organisational commission increase the boilers suit of a squ be? Illustrate a real life slighton to harbour your arguments. Introduction For choosing this topic for the essay ,It is because organisational gardening is the heartbeat of a level. It resolute the demeanor the firm run and the self- shelter of the come apart and the master(prenominal) value of the connection ,After variant this essay familiarwealth screwing considerably under stand the two grave element management practice and macrocosm and risk taking. And overly knowing how the vogue this two value sour levelheaded mildew of uplifted surgical process .The main objectives in the essay is to pose community what is the connection betwixt markmental nicety,strong organisational elaboration and trueness of the organization and how they atomic number 18 closely related to the general transaction of a firm. During the essay , scheme is thither to support the ideas . And to connect the two labour we first need to know strong-nigh organisational farming and the occasion of it in a company, then we need to visualise how does strong farming bring becharm to a organisational load and how ar these ternion task increase the overall writ of execution of the firm.To present the issues roughly the organisational destination,strong organisational purification and organizational holdment on that point is a real -life example apologiseing that those three factors that could bring grave entice to IKEA, a well kn hold international furniture company from Sweden and explain the theory base on the company dynamic. primary this essay leading examine some background information almost the firm, to aid readers to understand more than detail about how those three factors yield the corporal.Background information of IKEA IKEA was form in 1943 as a chuck up order company in a small village in t he southern part of the Sweden a place called Smaland. . The establish of IKEA is called Ingvar Kampala,and he st ard to deliver with a van to the train station, . IKEA has started to use catalogue for exchange and provided a place that node stinker be use and touch in the 1950s. The companys three main traits were function, quality , and scummy price.IKEA started to but their goods from the eastern part of the atomic number 63 because of the supply problem. In the 1960s, IKEA opened a storehouse in Stockholm for customers to resolve them self , IKEA had turned a elusive problems as a special commercialiseing vogue . By now IKEA has learn over 150 shops around the worldKlingGoteman,2003) . organizational Culture To analyses how strong corporate nuance bring the work out to remedy the overall cognitive process,Firstly,identifying corporate socialization is the first grade to start with.Although organizational destination was reliable(prenominal) in variety of w ays and aspect, many another(prenominal)(prenominal) people cerebrate that organizational tillage is a group of set, beliefs ,ways of working ,principle ,behavior and attitude that apportion by all of the member and the fig of the company. In the other hand,corporate acculturation should be considered as the correct way that the things to be d unrivaled and solution of solving the problems in the firm. The culture of the organization to a fault suffice the managers to make decision by providing break off ways to think, feel and take reception because the culture of the firm is concluded by experience of the elders of the firm.For new employees,culture is the correct way that to react ,so ,culture disregard continues corporate option and phylogenesis. (sun,2008) The function of the organization culture is some other key point , first to lay d experience up the judgements to people that they are be to the firm and personal perpetration on the firm, Secondly, creatin g a combative edge to modify the members (especially to new members) in the organization to well understand acceptable behavior and social system stability (Sun,2008).Therefore, a exquisite company need to hurt a strong corporate culture which mess attract , keeping and prized employees to behave good , achieving goals and performance as a role mould for others. And strong culture forever being professionalism and co-operation in the services of common determine(Sun,2008). For IKEA, thither organizational culture its a very informal type ,the culture is based on some values that roots in Smalandish or Swedish culture. And things like informality and cost awareness and a down to land earth approach.Also letting their employee to be responsible ,during the carry and training for the new stave in that respect are a few of values and intention held by IKEA that they invariably think of about. For IKEA, the firm have the thought that organizational culture is a very import ant part in running a business. It have been focus on our sales, development and excessively of marketing. (Kling and Goteman,2003). But having a simple(a) culture is not enough and force out not fulfill the condition to arrive at success, so a starchy organization culture is needed to increase the performance of the firm.Benefit of strong organizational culture both company are assuming to have a Strong Culture , which is evermore definite as which key value are deeply and widely give way and also bring strong work on among the members of the organization. Culture is a hidden forces that flock provides meaning and direction, that is system that can tract the meaning, belief and values that can in the long run affect employees behavior, so is much pellucid in strong organizational culture.The performance benefit from strong culture are ,Firstly,general consensus and recognition of corporate values and average table service with the social control in spite of appearanc e of the firm, people are broadly obligate that the item acts are more sequester that others , invasion of behavior will be found out much pronto and corrected faster, and the correction may be usually come from the employees come from disparate department and distinct hierarchy. Therefore,social control can reduce the cost and much capacity that the formal control,.Secondly,the strong organizational culture improve the goals alignment with clear organizational goals and practice, less uncertainty may find to the employees and they could know how to react with unexpected situations , it also conductive with the coordination, there are less debate chances for different parties in the firm about the best interest. At locomote , strong organizational culture arouse employees performance and enthusiasm, because they think that they are at large(p) to chose what they want(Jesper B. 2002). For IKEA the chief executive officer of the firm that name Anders Dahlvig thinks that c ulture has to have some baring on and support the business idea or very important part of a company ion the senses that the values of the culture truly influence the business itself. Some certain factors need to be much stronger in some of the countries like cost knowingness in China. payload of the organization organisational commitment have its important place ,base on the knowledge f organizational culture we would know that corporate culture shapes peoples behavior , and it had also brings big influence in organization, particularly in areas such(prenominal) as performance and commitment. Organizational lading is always known as the mentally strength of the attachment between an organizational and the employees, and also refer to the willingness of employee to put their condemnation and energy to their corporate , other than the purely working kindred. check to Lahiry(1994), there was a model that organizational commitment is mixture with three element affectional, conti nence and nominative commitment that have brings a deal of influence. According to Moradi, Hassan and Tohidy Ardahae , affectional commitment is build by three feature, that are belief and accept the organizations goals and value,willing to put front to achieve the goals and value of the corporate and bank to maintain the membership of the corporate.Continence commitment is that how many the firm need to catch up with for if the employee give-up the ghost the firm. Nominative commitment means that employees feelings about bound of remaining the firm. According to Lahiry(1994), practitioners should pay special attention that defensive culture patten were found to be optimisticly related to continence commitment. A high scale of continence commitment may tired up the employee to the firm.In the example of IKEA, the CEO ,Anders Dahvig said that in different countries and market there are different of the values ,national boundaries is not the main attention, It is more about pe rsonal , some of the time the release between one store and another can be even larger than the store between one commonwealth and another, how is the individual managers doing is much more important, because of the different level of the commitment the employee hold, it really influence the culture.Putting attention on culture is to be fair when you are hiring people, you assess and take on a person, then when the operation go on, you will know that a emblematic of behavior will be prized and it is the way to streamline . And employee can analyses if the value of the company is suitable for them or not. So the supply who leave are the people that having the organizational commitment . Overall performance For the organizational culture numbers of the inquiry also show that to assume thepresence of a strong culture as a positive influence on orporate performance . According to Han(2012) , an analysis show that the impacts of types of organizational culture affects on corporate performance , cover that family-like clan culture and the entrepreneurial Adhocracy culture had a good influence on the growth of the monetary performance. It also show that a strong ,appropriate culture brings consummation on the financial performance . The kindred between them are direct, however it always bring effect of strategic orientation.So if the managers put more time and effort a much stronger culture it will improve there performance through and through change magnitude interest in culture that employees will like, so the organizational commitment will certainly increase. In IKEA, they throw overboard lots of freedom depending on their employee that who they are and what their specific skills are basing on their core culture value and they had try to connect there culture with their company image, and they also wants the leading in the IKEA , build up their own style basis on there organizational culture.They also build there selling points base on one of their cu lture-cost consciousness, they are not the traditional furniture company that had target their customers as midsection age people, but on the green families and young people that has low financial foundation and the furniture has to be alternate by yourself. For Organizational commitment, according to die hard (2011), that salespeoples dispositional warlikeness relates to their discretional performance and that affective commitment mediates that relationship.It had also provided more details evidence that competitive salespeople commit more emotionally to their corporate when they think their work atmosphere to be more competitive. That study show that affective commitment is another mediator, which benefactors to clarification why competitive employee are willing to perform discretionary activities behalf of organizations and customers. That findings had show that hiring person that share the aforesaid(prenominal) value and goals with the organization is important and affec tive commitment helps to explain why competitive individuals make good employees.The impact of a competitive personality on affective commitment is always interrelated , it explain that competitive individuals feel emotionally given over to the organizations. In IKEA, there were a lot of co-workers in the company, but there are some turnover of staff that modify in the company, so IKEA need to learn 20,000 new staff into the firm every(prenominal) year , they should get training to met customer basis on the value of the firm, it help the firm to build up their culture strongly and connected them the corporate image.They are also selected during the recruitment that share the equivalent value as IKEA, Increasing the organizational commitment ,so the firm can slump the percentage of turnover and reduce the disbursal on training new staff , and the loyalty of the employee will improve . The relationship between employee and organization is not purely working relationship. IKEA a lso give questionnaire to their co-workers of the feeling of the firm , and try to improve the fulfil of their employees. ConclusionFor conclusion , strong organizational culture and organizational commitment have bring improvement to the overall performance of the firm , in management and financial . Strong organizational culture is the organizational culture that had been widely and deeply held by their employees , it help the corporate to improve their financial performance, For IKEA,they allow freedom to their leader to build their own management style basis on the value of their company ,they are also building their core value as there products selling points.Organizational commitment is a mentally strength of the attachment between the employee and the organization, it help the organization to decrease there staff turnover and reduce the expense on training, so strong organizational culture and Organizational commitment has change magnitude the overall of the firm and people can understand much easily basing on the example of IKEA. References Daniel I. Prajogo, Christopher M.McDermott, (2011),The relationship between third-dimensional organizational culture and performance, international Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 31 Iss 7 pp. 712 735 Han, H. J. (2012). Corporate Culture, Strategic Orientation, and pecuniary Performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53(3), 207 219. Hassan, M. & Tohidy Ardahaey, F. (2012). The Role of steamy Intelligence inOrganizational fealty. social science research network,. Jesper, B. The cleverness of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firnn Performance. momma Institute of Technology Kling, K. & Goteman, I. (2003). IKEA CEO Anders Dahlvig on international growth and IKEAs unique corporate culture and brand identity. Academy o/ Management Executive, 17(1). Lahiry, S. (1994). organization cultures, research studies Building organizational commitment through Organization culture. training and d evelopment, Lam (2011). intrusion of competitiveness on salespeoples commitment and performance.Journal of Business Research,1328-1334. Lim, B. (1995). Examining the organizational culture and organizational performance link. Leadership & Organization culture Journal, 16(5), 16-21. Sun, S. (2008). Organizational Culture and Its Themes. global Journal Of Business and Management, 3(1). Zabid, M. D. , Sambasivan, M. & Johari, J. , The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development,.